Mars is dry, cold, and quiet. But that hasn’t always been the case. Billions of years ago it was much busier – and perhaps a comfortable home for life. Mars has had three major geological ages. The oldest was the Noachian. It’s named for a large highlands region in the southern hemisphere. It began about 4.1 billion years ago, and lasted for 400 mi…

Every pilot knows to check the weather before takeoff – no one wants to fly into a storm. And in the future, they might want to check the space weather as well. Storms on the Sun can interfere with technology here on Earth – including aviation technology. Solar storms are giant explosions of energy and charged particles. When these outbursts hit Ea…

As Earth was thawing out at the end of the last ice age, it was hit by a powerful blast from the Sun. The storm would have triggered spectacular displays of the northern and southern lights. And it left an imprint in tree rings. Using that imprint, scientists have found that the storm was the most powerful yet recorded. And they even have a time fo…

If you watch the stars on a dark night, it’s easy to think of the sky as a great dome. But as the night goes on, the dome rotates. New stars rise in the east, while others disappear in the west. So ancient skywatchers thought of the sky not as a dome, but a sphere that completely encircles us – the celestial sphere. To the Greeks, the sphere was re…

Many “open” star clusters arch high overhead on summer nights. They’re lined up along the glowing band of the Milky Way – the outline of our home galaxy. Each cluster is a family of stars – from a few dozen to a thousand or more. But open clusters don’t stay together for long. Their stars eventually spread out, so the cluster disappears. Some famil…

Human eyes are perfectly tuned to see sunlight. But that’s a thin slice of the total range of light. As a result, we miss a lot of what’s out there – even objects that are big and close. A recently discovered example is a cloud of gas and dust that’s been named Eos. It spans about 40 times the width of the Moon. But it’s thinly spread, and it produ…

Many centuries ago, people knew of only seven metals. That also was the number of known “planets” – the five true planets that are visible to the naked eye, plus the Sun and Moon. So each metal was associated with a planet – gold with the Sun, silver with the Moon, for example. Another metal with a good match was quicksilver. It’s the only metal th…

Early risers are in for a treat tomorrow. Venus, Jupiter, and the twins of Gemini congregate around the Moon. The group climbs into good view a couple of hours before dawn. Venus is close to the lower right of the Moon, Jupiter is farther to the upper right, and Gemini’s twins are to the upper left of the Moon. The brighter twin, Pollux, is especia…

The crescent Moon will slide past three bright planets over the next three mornings, growing thinner as it does so. First up is Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system. It looks like a bright star below the Moon at dawn tomorrow. The Moon is in the part of its orbit that carries it between Earth and the Sun. It’ll reach that point on Friday…

The Moon butts up against the tip of one of the horns of Taurus early tomorrow. They’ll appear to almost touch as they climb into good view, around 2:30 or 3 a.m. They’ll be closest as viewed from the East Coast, especially the northeast. The tip of the horn is represented by Elnath. It’s the second-brightest star in the constellation. It’s outrank…