142 - Resistance and Reform Early Nationalist Movements (c. 1857-1947 CE) (S10E7)

A History of India

This episode explores the origins of resistance against British rule in India, tracing the evolution of early reform movements, social protests, and the intellectual awakening that fueled the independence struggle. The discussion begins with examples of early resistance figures like Banda Bahadur, highlighting the existing spirit of resistance against authority even before British dominance. The rise of organizations like the Triplicane Literary Society and the Indian Association is examined, emphasizing their role in promoting social reform, education, and greater political representation for Indians. The emergence of the Indian National Congress (INC) as a platform for educated Indians is discussed, tracing its evolution from a voice for reform within the system to a powerful force advocating for complete independence.

The episode also delves into the internal debates within the INC, highlighting the tensions between the Moderates and the Extremists, and the complexities of presenting a united front in a diverse country. The role of cultural and intellectual figures like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Swami Vivekananda in shaping the independence movement is examined, emphasizing the power of symbols like Bharat Mata and the impact of literature in fostering a sense of shared identity. The discussion also touches upon the rise of communalism and the Hindu Mahasabha, highlighting the challenges of building a truly inclusive movement for independence. The episode concludes with an examination of the Cripps Mission and the growing calls for partition, setting the stage for the tumultuous events leading up to India's independence.