CAP Twelve Years Later: How the "Rules" Have Changed

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34:01

I think you could probably go back and track the stages of grief, probably that is what I went through. But I think if you do it right, you end up at acceptance. And that's where I ended up. And that's not to say that I've fully accepted the idea that the golden toad is extinct. Personally, I do still hold out hope that it could still be out there in those forests." - Trevor Ritland This conversation is with Trevor Ritland, who—along with his twin brother Kyle—authored The Golden Toad . The book chronicles their remarkable journey into Costa Rica’s cloud forest, once home to hundreds of brilliant golden toads that would emerge for just a few weeks each year—until, one day, they vanished without a trace. What began as a search for a lost species soon became something much more profound: a confrontation with ecological grief, a meditation on hope, and a powerful call to protect the natural world while we still can. Links: SpeciesUnite.com Kyle and Trevor: https://kyleandtrevor.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/adventureterm/ Goodreads - https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/222249677-the-golden-toad Amazon - https://www.amazon.com/Golden-Toad-Ecological-Mystery-Species/dp/163576996…

about a year ago 29:47

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This content from InfoQ provides insights for software architects and developers through various formats like newsletters, articles, and conference information. It highlights topics in architecture, AI, data engineering, culture, methods, and DevOps. Featured pieces discuss Slack's cellular architecture, data stream processing patterns, cultivating resilience, and implementing EU Cyber Resilience Act requirements. A significant portion focuses on a detailed article examining the CAP theorem twelve years later, clarifying common misconceptions and discussing practical approaches for managing partitions and consistency in distributed systems. The text also mentions upcoming InfoQ Dev Summit and QCon events.

https://www.infoq.com/articles/cap-twelve-years-later-how-the-rules-have-changed/

43 episodes

The Binary Breakdown

CAP Twelve Years Later: How the "Rules" Have Changed

The Binary Breakdown

published about a year ago

M4A•Episode home

https://www.infoq.com/articles/cap-twelve-years-later-how-the-rules-have-changed/

43 episodes

#Podcasting Education #Binary Breakdown

All episodes

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1
Anna: A KVS For Any Scale 19:01

6 weeks ago19:01

19:01

This research paper introduces Anna , a key-value store (KVS) designed for scalable performance across diverse computing environments, from single multi-core machines to globally distributed cloud deployments. Anna achieves high performance and adaptability through a partitioned, multi-master architecture utilizing wait-free execution and coordination-free consistency . Its design is built upon coordination-free actors and lattice-based composite data structures , which allow for various consistency models and elastic scaling. The authors demonstrate that Anna effectively leverages multicore parallelism and scales smoothly, outperforming traditional KVS systems like Redis and Cassandra in specific scenarios while offering a wider range of consistency levels with minimal overhead. https://dsf.berkeley.edu/jmh/papers/anna_ieee18.pdf…

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Conflict-free Replicated Data Types 26:17

7 weeks ago26:17

26:17

This academic paper introduces Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) , which are abstract data types designed for distributed systems where data is replicated across multiple locations. CRDTs allow any replica to be modified without needing immediate coordination with other replicas, ensuring high availability and low latency . The core concept is that CRDTs employ mathematically sound rules and specific concurrency semantics (like add-wins or last-writer-wins) to guarantee that replicas converge to the same state when they have received the same updates, even if updates occur concurrently. The paper explores various synchronization models for propagating updates between replicas, discusses key research findings related to preserving sequential semantics and handling concurrency, examines guarantees and limitations (including their relationship with the CAP theorem), highlights examples of applications where CRDTs are used, and outlines future research directions such as scalability and security. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.06358…

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CAP Twelve Years Later: How the "Rules" Have Changed 29:47

8 weeks ago29:47

29:47

This content from InfoQ provides insights for software architects and developers through various formats like newsletters, articles, and conference information. It highlights topics in architecture, AI, data engineering, culture, methods, and DevOps . Featured pieces discuss Slack's cellular architecture, data stream processing patterns, cultivating resilience, and implementing EU Cyber Resilience Act requirements . A significant portion focuses on a detailed article examining the CAP theorem twelve years later, clarifying common misconceptions and discussing practical approaches for managing partitions and consistency in distributed systems. The text also mentions upcoming InfoQ Dev Summit and QCon events . https://www.infoq.com/articles/cap-twelve-years-later-how-the-rules-have-changed/…

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Raft versus Paxos: An Understandable Consensus Algorithm 33:14

9 weeks ago33:14

33:14

Raft , a consensus algorithm designed for managing a replicated log in distributed systems. It aims to be more understandable than Paxos , a widely used but complex alternative, while achieving equivalent efficiency and safety. Raft separates key consensus elements like leader election , log replication , and safety , using techniques such as problem decomposition and state space reduction to enhance clarity. The document describes the algorithm's server states (leader, follower, candidate), time divided into terms , and communication through RPCs for leader election, log replication, and eventually log compaction and client interaction. A user study is presented as evidence of Raft's improved understandability compared to Paxos.…

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Neo4j Architecture: Graph Database Internals, Performance, and Optimization 17:42

10 weeks ago17:42

17:42

This compilation of resources offers a comprehensive examination of Neo4j's graph database architecture. It explains how Neo4j differs from relational and document-oriented databases through its native graph storage. The materials describe how nodes, relationships, and properties are stored and indexed for efficient traversal and query processing. Transaction management, ACID compliance, performance optimization techniques like the Block format, and real-world applications are also addressed. The text concludes by acknowledging ongoing challenges such as migration, scaling, and machine learning integration, while also pointing towards future advancements like GPU acceleration. https://www.perplexity.ai/page/neo4j-graph-database-architect-ktv.ktumRLmdwxtqaUT.Gw…

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Sentry: Error Monitoring at Scale - Design Principles Analysis 15:48

11 weeks ago15:48

15:48

Sentry is a large-scale, open-source error monitoring platform designed for modern distributed systems. It prioritizes actionable insights by focusing on exceptions and crashes, enriching errors with contextual data, and using features such as breadcrumbs and error grouping. Sentry's architecture employs modular and decoupled components like Relay for high-throughput event processing. Scalability and fault tolerance are achieved through horizontal scaling and cross-region replication, and dynamic sampling optimizes performance by balancing data fidelity with operational costs. User experience is enhanced through URL-driven state, role-based access control, and integrations with numerous development tools. Future developments aim to address challenges like ephemeral errors in serverless environments and explore quantum-safe cryptography. https://www.perplexity.ai/page/sentry-error-monitoring-at-sca-RRaPhaGbQ9Gn3j3DcddQKg…

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Istio Service Mesh: Architecture, Security, and Traffic Management 33:58

12 weeks ago33:58

33:58

These excerpts offer a detailed look at Istio's service mesh architecture, a critical component for managing microservices in cloud-native environments. The architecture is divided into a control plane and data plane, emphasizing security through automated mTLS and traffic management with advanced load balancing techniques. Observability is achieved through comprehensive telemetry collection, although performance overhead remains a concern. Various deployment models, including multi-cluster and hybrid setups, are supported, but operational complexity necessitates careful migration strategies. Future research focuses on AI-driven optimizations and enhanced security measures, ensuring Istio remains relevant in evolving cloud ecosystems. https://www.perplexity.ai/page/istio-service-mesh-architectur-JZjsEh8qSHSQMjAHUCaWLg…

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CockroachDB: SQL for Global Scale Design Principles 14:33

13 weeks ago14:33

14:33

CockroachDB is a distributed SQL database designed for global scalability and resilience. The database achieves this through a unique architecture built on a monolithic key-value store, Raft-based replication, and hybrid logical clocks. Transaction management is optimized for global workloads using a non-blocking commit protocol and multi-region capabilities. CockroachDB offers declarative data locality, enabling administrators to define data placement policies for performance and compliance. Performance optimization strategies, like follower reads and elastic scaling, help reduce latency and costs. Despite its strengths, challenges remain around write amplification and tradeoffs associated with global tables, but future development focuses on serverless architecture and AI-driven autotuning. https://www.perplexity.ai/page/cockroachdb-sql-for-global-sca-8wVC7NgaQAup2iEyCWw8Fw…

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Snowflake: Revolutionizing Cloud Data Warehousing and Analytics 17:21

14 weeks ago17:21

17:21

Snowflake, a cloud-native data warehouse, revolutionizes modern analytics through its unique architecture and capabilities. The platform separates compute and storage layers, enabling independent scaling and optimized performance. Its three-layer design encompasses cloud services, a compute layer using virtual warehouses, and a storage layer leveraging cloud object storage. Snowflake's architecture ensures security, manages concurrency, and optimizes costs, outperforming cloud alternatives such as Azure Synapse and Redshift in several benchmarks. Emerging applications include genomics processing, real-time cybersecurity analytics, and multi-cloud data meshes. Despite limitations such as ETL complexity, Snowflake's future developments involve serverless GPU acceleration and integration with open table formats, solidifying its position in cloud data warehousing. https://www.perplexity.ai/page/snowflake-a-cloud-native-data-lkc22F_tRgKawFNhK.7Tdw…

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Kubernetes: Container Orchestration, Architecture, and Evolution 25:56

15 weeks ago25:56

25:56

This collection of excerpts comprehensively examines Kubernetes, the leading container orchestration platform. It traces the historical evolution of container orchestration and highlights Kubernetes' architectural foundations, including its control plane and node components. Scalability mechanisms like horizontal pod autoscaling and cell-based architectures are explored, alongside the platform's security model, emphasizing role-based access control and network policies. The text further details Kubernetes' role in microservices orchestration, edge computing integrations, and CI/CD pipelines, with specific implementations like Argo CD and KubeEdge being noted. Finally, the documentation looks to the future, considering WebAssembly integration and quantum-safe cryptography, and concludes by underscoring Kubernetes' continued evolution and pivotal role in distributed systems. https://www.perplexity.ai/page/kubernetes-container-orchestra-AnzcSV82T.2kcKZAEOYSvw…

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Elasticsearch: Architecture, Applications, and Emerging Trends 18:13

16 weeks ago18:13

18:13

This compilation of excerpts thoroughly examines Elasticsearch, focusing on its architecture, applications, and future trends. The core architecture and its integration within the Elastic Stack are highlighted, emphasizing scalability and real-time analytics. Various specialized applications are discussed, including maritime data storage, academic research portals, and healthcare blockchain systems. Advancements in query processing, machine learning operationalization, and security are analyzed, showcasing improved search efficiency and reduced system response times. The exploration concludes with emerging trends, such as AI-optimized hardware, decentralized search infrastructure, and environmental impact mitigation, solidifying Elasticsearch's role in modern data management. https://www.perplexity.ai/page/elasticsearch-a-comprehensive-pfqie_tbQLaK9e3liDI.8A…

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Ray: A Distributed Framework for Emerging AI Applications 19:40

17 weeks ago19:40

19:40

This research paper introduces Ray, a distributed framework designed for emerging AI applications, particularly those involving reinforcement learning. It addresses the limitations of existing systems in handling the complex demands of these applications, which require continuous interaction with the environment. Ray unifies task-parallel and actor-based computations through a dynamic execution engine, facilitating simulation, training, and serving within a single framework. The system uses a distributed scheduler and fault-tolerant store to manage control state, achieving high scalability and performance. Experiments demonstrate Ray's ability to scale to millions of tasks per second and outperform specialized systems in reinforcement learning applications. The paper highlights Ray's architecture, programming model, and performance, emphasizing its flexibility and efficiency in supporting the evolving needs of AI. https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi18-moritz.pdf…

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Zanzibar: Google's Global Authorization System 27:21

18 weeks ago27:21

27:21

This paper details Zanzibar, Google's globally distributed authorization system, designed to manage access control lists (ACLs) at a massive scale. Zanzibar uses a flexible data model and configuration language to handle diverse access control policies for numerous Google services, achieving high availability and low latency. The system maintains external consistency, respecting the causal order of ACL changes, and employs techniques like caching and request hedging to handle high request volumes and hot spots. The authors present the system's architecture, implementation, and lessons learned from years of operation, highlighting challenges and solutions in building a consistent, world-scale authorization system. The paper also explores related research in access control and distributed systems. https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-pang.pdf…

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Google Mesa: A Geo-Replicated, Near Real-Time Data Warehouse 15:02

19 weeks ago15:02

15:02

**Mesa** is a highly scalable, geo-replicated data warehousing system developed at Google to handle petabytes of data related to its advertising business. **Designed for near real-time data ingestion and querying**, it processes millions of updates per second and serves billions of queries daily. **Key features include strong consistency, high availability, and fault tolerance**, achieved through techniques like multi-version concurrency control and Paxos-based distributed synchronization. The paper details Mesa's architecture, including its storage subsystem using versioned data management with delta compaction, and its multi-datacenter deployment. Finally, it explores operational challenges and lessons learned in building and maintaining such a large-scale system. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=bb1af5424e972c0c15f21e3847708e4d393abfae…

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Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System 13:50

20 weeks ago13:50

13:50

This paper, "Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System," explores the challenges of defining and managing time in distributed systems. It introduces the concept of a "happened before" relation to partially order events and presents an algorithm for creating a consistent total ordering using logical clocks. The paper then extends this to physical clocks, analyzing synchronization and error bounds to prevent anomalous behavior arising from discrepancies between perceived and actual event orderings. The second paper, "Shallow Binding in Lisp 1.5," focuses on efficient variable access in the Lisp 1.5 programming language. It proposes a "rerooting" method for environment tree transformations to achieve shallow binding, allowing for context switching and concurrent processes within the same environment structure, all while maintaining program semantics. The method enhances efficiency without altering a program's meaning. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/uploads/prod/2016/12/Time-Clocks-and-the-Ordering-of-Events-in-a-Distributed-System.pdf…

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ZooKeeper: Wait-Free Coordination for Internet-Scale Systems 26:38

21 weeks ago26:38

26:38

This paper details the design and implementation of ZooKeeper, a high-performance coordination service for large-scale distributed systems. ZooKeeper provides a simple, wait-free API enabling developers to build various coordination primitives, such as locks and group membership, without server-side modifications. It achieves high throughput through relaxed consistency guarantees, allowing local read processing and efficient atomic broadcast for writes. The paper showcases ZooKeeper's performance and application in various real-world scenarios at Yahoo!, including a fetching service, a distributed indexer, and a message broker. Finally, it compares ZooKeeper to related systems, highlighting its unique strengths in performance and scalability. https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/atc10/tech/full_papers/Hunt.pdf…

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TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Systems 17:02

22 weeks ago17:02

17:02

This paper details TensorFlow, a large-scale machine learning system developed by Google. TensorFlow uses dataflow graphs to represent computation and manages state across diverse hardware, including CPUs, GPUs, and TPUs. It offers a flexible programming model , allowing developers to experiment with novel optimizations and training algorithms beyond traditional parameter server designs. The authors discuss TensorFlow's architecture, implementation, and performance evaluations across various applications, highlighting its scalability and efficiency compared to other systems. The system is open-source , facilitating widespread use in research and industry. Finally, they explore future directions, including addressing dynamic computation challenges. https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi16/osdi16-abadi.pdf…

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Firestore: A Serverless NoSQL Database 27:46

23 weeks ago27:46

27:46

This paper details Google Firestore, a NoSQL serverless database built on Spanner. It highlights Firestore's ease of use, scalability, real-time query capabilities, and support for disconnected operations. The architecture, which enables multi-tenancy and efficient handling of large datasets, is explained. Performance benchmarks and practical lessons from development are presented, along with comparisons to other NoSQL databases. Finally, future development directions are outlined. https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/pubtools/7076.pdf…

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Apache Flink: Stream and Batch Processing in a Single Engine 18:12

24 weeks ago18:12

18:12

This research paper details Apache Flink, an open-source system unifying stream and batch data processing. Flink uses a dataflow model to handle various data processing needs, including real-time analytics and batch jobs, within a single engine. The paper explores Flink's architecture, APIs (including DataStream and DataSet APIs), and fault-tolerance mechanisms such as asynchronous barrier snapshotting. Key features highlighted include flexible windowing, support for iterative dataflows, and query optimization techniques. Finally, the paper compares Flink to other existing systems for batch and stream processing, emphasizing its unique capabilities. https://asterios.katsifodimos.com/assets/publications/flink-deb.pdf…

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Kafka: A Distributed Messaging System for Log Processing 16:52

25 weeks ago16:52

16:52

This paper introduces Kafka, a novel distributed messaging system designed for high-throughput log processing. Kafka addresses limitations in existing messaging systems and log aggregators by offering a scalable, efficient architecture with a simple API. Key features include a pull-based consumption model, efficient storage and data transfer mechanisms, and the use of ZooKeeper for distributed coordination. Performance tests demonstrate Kafka's superior throughput compared to ActiveMQ and RabbitMQ, highlighting its suitability for handling massive volumes of log data. The authors detail Kafka's implementation at LinkedIn, illustrating its use in both online and offline applications. https://notes.stephenholiday.com/Kafka.pdf…

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LinkedIn: Using Set Cover to Optimize a Large-Scale Low Latency Distributed Graph 12:59

26 weeks ago12:59

12:59

This research paper details LinkedIn's solution for optimizing low-latency graph computations within their large-scale distributed graph system. To improve performance, they implemented a modified greedy set cover algorithm to minimize the number of machines needed for processing second-degree connection queries. This optimization significantly reduced latency in constructing network caches and overall graph distance calculations, resulting in a better user experience. The paper also discusses the distributed graph architecture, including its partitioning and caching mechanisms, and compares their approach to related work in distributed graph processing. The improvements achieved demonstrate the effectiveness of the modified set cover algorithm in handling the challenges of large-scale graph queries in a real-world online environment. https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/hotcloud13/hotcloud13-wang.pdf…

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Monolith: A Real-Time Recommendation System 20:25

27 weeks ago20:25

20:25

This research paper details Monolith, a real-time recommendation system developed by Bytedance. Monolith addresses challenges in building scalable recommendation systems, such as sparse and dynamic data, and concept drift, by employing a collisionless embedding table and an online training architecture. Key innovations include a Cuckoo HashMap for efficient sparse parameter representation, incorporating features like expirable embeddings and frequency filtering, and a system for real-time parameter synchronization between training and serving. The authors present experimental results demonstrating Monolith's superior performance compared to systems using traditional hash tables and batch training, showcasing the benefits of its design choices in terms of model accuracy and efficiency. Finally, the paper compares Monolith to existing solutions, highlighting its unique advantages for industrial-scale applications. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.07663…

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Meta FlexiRaft: Flexible Quorums for Raft Consensus 24:27

28 weeks ago24:27

24:27

This research paper details FlexiRaft, a modified Raft consensus algorithm designed for Meta's petabyte-scale MySQL deployments. The core improvement is the introduction of flexible quorums, allowing configurable trade-offs between latency, throughput, and fault tolerance. Two quorum modes are presented: static and dynamic. The paper explores the algorithm's modifications, fault tolerance guarantees, experimental performance validation, and lessons learned from its production implementation. Finally, it compares FlexiRaft to other consensus algorithm variants and proposes avenues for future work. https://www.cidrdb.org/cidr2023/papers/p83-yadav.pdf…

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Spanner: Google’s Globally Distributed Database 13:28

31 weeks ago13:28

13:28

This research paper details Spanner, Google's globally-distributed database system. Spanner achieves strong consistency across its geographically dispersed data centers using a novel TrueTime API that accounts for clock uncertainty. The system features automatic sharding, failover, and a semi-relational data model, addressing limitations of previous systems like Bigtable and Megastore. Spanner's design is discussed in depth, including its architecture, concurrency control mechanisms, and performance benchmarks. A case study of its use in Google's advertising backend, F1, highlights its real-world applicability and benefits. https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/spanner-osdi2012.pdf…

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Meta Minesweeper: Scalable Statistical Root Cause Analysis on App Telemetry 17:54

32 weeks ago17:54

17:54

This research paper introduces Minesweeper, a novel technique for automated root cause analysis (RCA) of software bugs at scale. Leveraging telemetry data, Minesweeper efficiently identifies statistically significant patterns in user app traces that correlate with bugs, even in the absence of detailed debugging information. The method uses sequential pattern mining, specifically the PrefixSpan algorithm, for pattern extraction and incorporates statistical measures of precision and recall to rank patterns by distinctiveness. Practical challenges like handling numeric data and mitigating redundant patterns are addressed, and the system's scalability and accuracy are demonstrated through real-world evaluations on Facebook's app data. The results show Minesweeper significantly improves the speed and accuracy of RCA, aiding engineers in quickly identifying and resolving bugs. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.09974…

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Cassandra- A Decentralized Structured Storage System 14:27

32 weeks ago14:27

14:27

This paper details Cassandra, a decentralized structured storage system designed for managing massive amounts of structured data across numerous commodity servers. High availability and scalability are key features, achieved through techniques like consistent hashing for data partitioning and replication strategies across multiple data centers to handle failures. The system uses a simple data model and API, emphasizing write throughput without sacrificing read efficiency. The paper explores the system architecture, including failure detection, membership, and bootstrapping, along with practical experiences and performance metrics from its use at Facebook. Future work focuses on adding compression and enhanced atomicity. https://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/ladis2009/papers/lakshman-ladis2009.pdf…

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FoundationDB: A Distributed Unbundled Transactional Key Value Store 21:02

33 weeks ago21:02

21:02

The provided text is an excerpt from a research paper on FoundationDB, an open-source, distributed transactional key-value store. The paper details FoundationDB's design principles, architecture, and key features, including its unbundled architecture, strict serializability through a combination of optimistic concurrency control (OCC) and multi-version concurrency control (MVCC), and its robust deterministic simulation framework for testing. The paper also explores FoundationDB's geo-replication and failover capabilities, highlighting how the system achieves high availability and fault tolerance without sacrificing performance. Finally, the authors discuss lessons learned from developing FoundationDB, including the benefits of its divide-and-conquer design, the importance of simulation testing for achieving high reliability, and the impact of its fast recovery mechanisms on system upgrades and availability. https://www.foundationdb.org/files/fdb-paper.pdf…

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Amazon Aurora: Design Considerations for High Throughput Cloud-Native Relational Databases 18:56

35 weeks ago18:56

18:56

This document describes the design of Amazon Aurora, a cloud-native relational database service built to handle high-throughput, online transaction processing (OLTP) workloads. The paper highlights the challenges of traditional database architectures in cloud environments, specifically the I/O bottleneck created by network traffic. Aurora addresses these issues by leveraging a novel service-oriented architecture where the storage service is decoupled from the database engine. This approach significantly reduces network I/O and enables efficient crash recovery, failover, and self-healing capabilities. The paper further explains how Aurora achieves consensus on durable state across storage nodes through an asynchronous scheme, avoiding expensive and chatty recovery protocols. The authors conclude by sharing insights gained from their customers on the evolving needs of modern cloud applications for database services. https://assets.amazon.science/dc/2b/4ef2b89649f9a393d37d3e042f4e/amazon-aurora-design-considerations-for-high-throughput-cloud-native-relational-databases.pdf…

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Pregel: A System for Large-Scale Graph Processing 22:39

35 weeks ago22:39

22:39

The article is a paper published in 2010 by researchers at Google that introduces Pregel, a large-scale graph processing system. Pregel is designed for processing graphs with billions of vertices and trillions of edges, and it uses a vertex-centric approach where vertices are assigned to individual machines and communicate with each other through message passing. The paper details the model of computation, the C++ API, and the implementation of Pregel, including fault-tolerance mechanisms for dealing with machine failures. It also explores applications of Pregel to various graph algorithms, including PageRank, shortest paths, bipartite matching, and semi-clustering, providing experimental results for shortest paths on graphs ranging in size from 10 million to 1 billion vertices. Finally, the paper discusses related work and future directions for Pregel, highlighting its strengths and potential areas for improvement. https://15799.courses.cs.cmu.edu/fall2013/static/papers/p135-malewicz.pdf…

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Dapper, a Large-Scale Distributed Systems Tracing Infrastructure 20:42

35 weeks ago20:42